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Birge-Cary Chair
Coordinator of Composition
Artistic Director, June in Buffalo
Festival
Ph.D. University of California at San Diego
tel: (716) 645-2765
fax: (716) 645-6548 email:
felder@acsu.buffalo.edu
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Interviewed
by Joshua Mailman, Spring, 2003
When
and how did the June in Buffalo Festival start?
In 1975, Morty Feldman and his assistant, Renee Levine, the Administrator
for the Center for the Creative Associates at UB decided to start a summer
program for the presentation of composers and their works in concert and
lecture. young composers were selected to participate as attendees at
the events as well.
How has it evolved since its inception?
Well, Morty ran the Fest until 1980 when he decided to stop it. There
were apparantly many reasons why he decided to call it quits, some personal,
some professional. When UB recruited me to the Faculty in 1985, Morty,
the UB administration, and I explored my re-starting the event as a part
of our discussions. We came to a mutual agreement and the Fest was begun
again in 1985-6. There was one very important difference at that time:
I was and am committed to realizing the compositions of the young composers
selected to participate in fully professional performance in the same
way that the more 'famous' faculty composers, and the audiences heard
their work.
A lso, in the first incarnation the festival ran two-three weeks. It has
been done in one week since 1985.
To answer about its evolution, well, I believe that the level of performance
is much higher than it was then, and that the addition of master classes
and first-rate performances for the younger composers are of a great benefit
to now several generations of composers...such overt concern for the emerging
generation was not a part of the former approach.
How is it different from a European contemporary
music summer course, such as Darmstadt? (How is it the same?)
Well, WHICH Darmstadt? The old one from the 50's, 60's, and 70's was an
obvious model for the former JiB. The more modern D-town, which I participated
in twice in the late 80's and early 90's was like a middle eastern bazaar;
composers hawking their wares, lousy performances, and a circus atmosphere,
complete with the foulest smelling 'food' ... it took place in a high
school! I feel very confident is stating unequivocally that our Festival
is a huge improvement upon what I experienced; far better organized, finer
performances, and of more substance for the younger composers.
Why or how did you choose "music and
the visual image" as the theme for this festival?
In 2000 I started 'thematic programming' as a way to focus the festival
some. And things that I have been interested in, like the interactions
between music and image, motivate me to begin to examine how these interactions
could be presented in concert. I greatly regret that due to time and of
course budget constraints, we can only present mere slices of the 'field';
this year the moving image was the slice of the larger. Glass, Corigliano,
Reich all have worked extensively with film and video, in a variety of
circumstances; wuorinen's work has a strong tie to choreography, and my
pieces are hooked in to video, and also choreographic image in the impeti
for the works BoxMan and partial [dist]res[s]toration respectively. Next
year is "Music and Computers".
According to the categories musicologists
and critics use, the composers featured in this year's (and previous years')
June in Buffalo festival tend to occupy opposite poles: minimalism and
maximalism.
Fortunately for me and no doubt everyone else, I am not a musicologist,
and
so I feel no responsibility for how music is described. In fact I find
musical descriptors laughable, though I can understand why they are
deployed.
How do you view your own music in relation
to these tendencies or stylistic categories, if you regard as such at
all?
I leave the discussion about my music to others. This is a somewhat 'dangerous'
position in today's market-driven and media-hypoid world, but its the
way I feel most comfortable. I don't want to tell people what to listen
to and how to hear music.
How have the other composers in the festival
influenced your own composition?
The most obvious thing I can think of on a technical basis is Reich's
music. I was delighfully shocked and moved and excited when I first heard
Music for 18 Musicians in 1979. In examining the work and trying to find
historical and technical precendents for it, and due to my own background
and interests, I was deeply motivated to look at canonic procedures and
structures, which I've incorporated as a very important factor in my music.
But, there is little surface resemblance. And Wuorinen's music is just
so incredibly well made and beautiful, but in a completely different way.
I count Charles as a friend and am anxious to hear each new piece that
he writes. I follow only a handful of composers myself and he is at the
top of my list.
And I should say that each member of this year's group inspires me in
very specific ways. I deelpy admire them all.
Is it a coincidence that the set of invited composers spans the
range from minimalist to maximalist or?
No coincidence-each year I try to bring in a wide spectrum of 'positions'
and let them grind against each other. Friction produces heat and sometimes
light...especially for the young composers.
How would you characterized the styles,
or range of styles, of the younger composers participating in the workshop?
Whatever map you have, they would be all over it.
How has the work of these younger composers
surprised you, or not surprised you, in relation to what you would have
predicted five or ten years ago?
No real surprises...the competence level is up these days, but there is
a deep conservatism, especially in the US composers. Some may suggest
that this is some sort of 'victory' for 'values', but I see market forces
at work unfortunately.
Could you describe or give some background on your two works
partial [dist]res[s]toration
Written in 2001-2 for the Fromm Foundation at Harvard and for the New
York New Music Ensemble; with some live electronics that are optional.
Last year we did the premier with the electronics; this year we reprise
it withOUT...and we are recording it as well. It takes some 'textural
washes' that i first wrote in 1982 as a part of a commission for a Dance
piece from the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Dance Festival
as source materials. the title refers to both the phenomena of 'distressing'
which 'ages' new material, and 'restoration' which takes old stuff and
attempts to bring it back to some original condition. And 'partial' refers
both to the ubiquitous harmonic series, and to incomplete or fragmentary
readings of musical materials. its about 20 minutes long in 7 connected
movements...
and Boxman
A piece written for the great trombonist Miles Anderson. he is my long
time friend and we started working on a piece which would include all
of his outboard elecetronic devices (boxes) in 186-88. It morphed into
a huge piece that is just about the hardest thing ever written for the
instrument; and has a video wall component as well. we won't do the video
this time although i'll show some of it in my lecture on weds. morning.
There are new electronice that were remade in 1999 that exploit the Max/Msp
program to accomplish what formerly were about four foot-pedals, six outboard
machines, tape playback, etc.; and Max allows for some very nice new additions
as well.
There is a novel by Kobo Abe entitled "The Box Man" that provided
the inspiration, along with Anderson's DEEE - VICES, and coincidentally
Konrad Lorenz's work "On Aggression"...
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| Sequenza21
Electronic Dialogues/4 (http://www.sequenza21.com/Felder.html)
S21: No offense but Buffalo seems an unlikely
place for one of the most important new music festivals in the world,
can you give us some history on how the June in Buffalo series developed?
Felder: BUFFALO DOES SEEM TO HAVE AN ESPECIALLY
RESONANT PLACE IN THE COLLECTIVE--IMAGES OF RUST AND POLKAS SEEM TO FLOAT
IN A HUGE PILE OF SNOW AND ICE FOR PEOPLE. BUT, IT JUST AIN'T SO.
IT'S ACTUALLY A SMALL BUT PRETTY VIBRANT COMMUNITY WITH A LOT OF
'TRADITION' IN CONTEMPORARY ART, INCLUDING THE TERRIFIC ART GALLERY, THE
ALBRIGHT-KNOX, AND THE UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO, WHICH HAS A LONG HISTORY
NOW (ALMOST 40 YEARS) OF FOSTERING
CREATIVE ARTISTS. FOLKS LIKE POETS BOB CREELEY, IRVING FELDMAN, AND CHARLES
BERNSTEIN ARE MY COLLEAGUES, AND THE LIST OF COMPOSERS WHO HAVE BEEN HERE
ON FACULTY THROUGH VISITING PROFESSORSHIPS IS A VERITABLE WHO'S WHO.
JUNE IN BUFFALO WAS AN OFFSHOOT OF THE CENTER FOR THE CREATIVE ASSOCIATES
FOUNDED BY FOSS, ALLAN SAPP, AND THE UNIVERSITY WITH BIG DOLLAR SPONSORSHIP
FROM ROCKEFELLER IN 1963. MORTY PUT THE FIRST ONE TOGETHER IN 1975 AS
A KIND OF SPRING FESTIVAL -- SOMEWHERE BETWEEN DARMSTADT AND PRAGUE SPRING
IN TONE. THE IDEA WAS TO BRING COMPOSERS IN AND TO DO MOSTLY PORTRAIT
CONCERTS, AND TO HAVE SOME YOUNG COMPOSERS IN TO BASK IN THE GLOW. THE
SERIES WENT ON THIS WAY FOR FIVE YEARS, THEN MORTY GOT TIRED OF PRODUCING
PROGRAMS AND HUSTLING FOR MONEY, BOTH IMMENSE HASSLES, I CAN TELL YOU.
THE PROGRAMS PRODUCED WERE VERY IMPRESSIVE. WHEN I CAME IN 1985-6, I BEGAN
AGAIN, VERY MODESTLY TO START, AND WITH A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERE
AND PURPOSE. AT THAT TIME THERE WERE ALMOST NO SUMMER OPPORTUNITIES FOR
YOUNG COMPOSERS AND IT WAS PRETTY DIFFICULT TO GET ANY KNID OF REASONABLY
GOOD PERFORMANCE. OUR RESOURCES WERE DIRECTED TO PRODUCING EXTREMELY HIGH
LEVEL PERFORMANCES OF SENIOR AND EMERGING COMPOSERS ON AN EQUAL FOOTING.
S21: You took over as director of the festival
from Morton Feldman a couple of
years before his death. Tell us about working with Feldman.
Felder: I DON'T HAVE ENOUGH TIME TO DO THIS JUSTICE.
MORTY WAS A FABULOUS GUY, WITH AN INCREDIBLE SENSE OF HUMOR, AN IMPECCABLE
TIMING, AND WITH A
PERSONALITY THAT WAS ON THE SURFACE VERY DIFFERENT THAT WHAT PEOPLE MIGHT
THINK FROM LISTENING TO HIS WORK. I HAD A GREAT TIME WORKING WITH HIM,
WE TAUGHT A SEMINAR TOGETHER FOR A COUPLE OF YEARS; BUT HE LEFT ME ALONE
TO DO THE FESTIVAL THE WAY I WANTED TO DO IT, WHICH CERTAINLY WAS DIFFERENT
THAN WHAT HE DID. EVERYONE WHO KNEW MORTY HAS FABULOUS STORIES--I COULD
TELL YOU HUNDREDS OF HILARIOUS ANECDOTES. AND OF COURSE THERE WAS THE
OPPORTUNITY TO BE AROUND THAT REMARKABLE MUSIC AND THE MAN WHO WAS MAKING
IT. HE WAS REALLY GENEROUS AND FRIENDLY ABOUT WHAT HE WAS DOING AT ANY
MOMENT AN WOULD ALWAYS TAKE HIS TIME TO TALK WITH ME ABOUT WHAT I WAS
TRYING TO DO. I STILL HAVE REMARKS BOUNCING AROUND IN ME FROM 1987 THAT
ARE STILL PROVOKING QUESTIONS AND PROVIDING INSPIRATION. I CALLED HIM
'THE ANTIDOTE' IN THOSE DAYS--WHEN I GOT ALL BRAINY ABOUT WHAT I WAS DOING,
I GOT A SHOT OF FELDMAN, AND VOILA...
S21: Tell us about some of the composers and works on
this year's program that
interest you.
Felder: WE HAVE SOME NEW PIECES WRITTEN FOR US FROM WUORINEN,
RANDS, READ THOMAS, AND REYNOLDS, AS WELL AS MY NEW PIECE DEDICATED
TO MORTY. THERE ARE A BUNCH OF INCREDIBLE CONCERTS--ALL REICH WITH STEVE,
ALL GLASS WITH PHILIP, TWO NEW YORK NEW MUSIC ENSEMBLE CONCERTS
WITH CRUMB, FOSS, WUORINEN, ERB, THE JUNE IN BUFFALO CHAMBER ORCHESTRA,
A TRULY GREAT GROUP, PLAYING TWO OF MY PIECES, TWO FELDMAN, AND ALSO FOSS,
THE SLEE SINFONIETTA, THE BUGALLO/WILLIAMS DUO, AND THE FELDMAN SOLOISTS
(MORTY'S GROUP -- WITHOUT MORTY...) PLAYING "CRIPPLED SYMMETRY",
A REAL TREAT. WE'RE DOING SOME RECORDING, BUT THESE CONCERTS ARE A TREMENDOUS
OPPORTUNITY FOR LISTENERS.
THE DATES ARE JUNE 5-15 IN BUFFALO FOLLOWED BY A REPEAT PERFORMANCE OF
CRIP SYM IN NYC ON JUNE 16 AT GOETHE HOUSE ON FIFTH AVENUE.
S21: What were your earliest musical influences?
Whose work has influenced you most and why?
Felder: I WAS A SINGER AND DEEPLY LOVED
15TH AND 16TH CENTURY CONTRAPUNTAL STUFF, PARTICULARLY THE VENETIANS.
FROM THERE I SEEM TO HAVE GOTTEN TO BRASS MUSIC BY PLAYING SOME AND HANGING
OUT WITH GREAT PLAYERS, EVEN
CONDUCTING QUINTETS, ETC.
QUICKLY VARESE BECAME AN ICON FOR ME WHILE I WAS VERY YOUNG, AND FROM
THERE IT RADIATES OUT IN A LOT OF DIRECTIONS--THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ALWAYS IS THE POWER AND BEAUTY IN SOUNDS THEMSELVES, AND THE FEW
COMPOSERS THAT HAVE THE AWARENESS AND THE ABILITY TO MAKE WORKS THAT CAN
TRANSCEND. ITS AN ELITE COMPANY; I OCCASIONALLY RETURN TO MAHLER, DUFAY,
GABRIELLI, BRAHMS AND NORTH INDIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC, DERVISH MUSIC, AND
TIBETAN CHANTING; THERE ARE SOME GREAT CONTEMPORARIES, TOO, BUT I DON'T
WISH TO OFFEND BY LEAVING SOMEONE OFF THE LIST THAT I SHOULD INCLUDE...
S21: With so many "classics" firmly
established in the repertory and audiences
so generally conservative, how difficult is it for new music to get an
audience?
Felder: REALLY DIFFICULT. EVERYWHERE COMPOSERS
HAVE BEEN CO-OPTED BY THE BIG INSTITUTIONS IN THE 1990'S. NOW WE HAVE
'USER-FRIENDLY' CONTEMPORARY MUSIC BECAUSE THERE ARE LOTS OF COMPETITIVE
COMPOSERS, BIG MONIES TO BE MADE, AND INSTITUTIONS INTENT UPON SUCCESS
MEASURED PURELY IN RECEIPTS--A HORRIBLE MIX THAT HAS CHANGED EVERYTHING.
AND LET'S NOT FORGET THE FOUNDATIONS WHO EXPECT MUSIC TO SERVE PURPOSES
OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING, AND MEASURE THE WORK MADE IN 'OUTCOMES', EDUCATOR-SPEAK.
HORRIBLE, HORRIBLE...
COMPOSERS SEEM TO HAVE THOROUGHLY ABSORBED THE SLAVISH ATTITUDE OF WISHING
TO PLEASE THEIR MASTERS AND SO BEING 'NICE'; AND THIS ATTITUDE IS SO THOROUGHLY
RATIONALIZED AND DEEPLY INTERNALIZED THAT THOSE SAME COMPOSERS WILL ARGUE
VEHEMENTLY THAT THEY ARE 'RADICAL' HAVING CO-OPTED A 'VOCABULARY'FROM
ELSEWHERE, HISTORICALLY, AND CULTURALLY SPEAKING. FOR ME, THIS IS NOT
A WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT...
S21: Tell us about your day-to-day life, your
family, your work habits, and how you achieve a balance between your career
as a composer, and a teacher and festival director.
Felder: OUCH. ITS REALLY A CHALLENGE. IT
WAS AN IMPOSSIBLE CHALLENGE WHEN I WAS CHAIR OF THE MUSIC DEPARTMENT,
SO I FOCUSSED UPON REVISIONS AND RECORDING OF EXISTING WORKS, SKETCHING,
AND RUMINATING ABOUT WHAT I WOULD WANT TO DO WHEN I STOPPED RUNNING A
MUSIC DEPARTMENT. AS I'VE RETURNED TO NORMALCY, OR WHAT PASSES FOR THAT
AS A COMPOSER, I TRY TO WORK EACH MORNING WHEN I GET UP (AFTER SPORTSCENTER),
AT LEAST UNTIL NOON. ON THE DAYS THAT I TEACH, I STILL GIVE MYSELF SOME
HOURS IN THE MORNING--THIS PLAN WAS A RESULT OF SOME TALKS WITH TAKEMITSU
I HAD YEARS AGO ABOUT WORK...WHEN I'M REALLY STUCK I VACUUM. MY
MODEL IS A HOOVER. RECENTLY I'VE HAD A VERY CLEAN HOUSE, BUT I'M PLEASED
TO REPORT AN INCREASING ACCUMULATION OF 'SCHMUTZ' LATELY... SUMMERS AND
BREAKS ARE USUALLY VERY REWARDING TIMES; MY LIFE IS COMPLICATED
BY THE FACT THAT I HAVE HAD EXTREMELY DISAPPOINTING EXPERIENCES WITH THE
'CLASSICAL MUSIC INSTITUTIONS' SUCH AS ORCHESTRAS, AND SO IF I WANT SOMETHING
TO BE DONE, I DO IT MYSELF, A LOT OF EXTRA WORK.
S21: Simon Rattle remarked in an interview
with us that there are few periods in history when so many kinds of music
were being produced at the same time as today. Do you see any patterns
that suggest a trend or direction?
Felder: HE IS RIGHT. THE CLEAR EVIDENCE IS
MULTIPLICITY -- THE MARKETERS AND CORPORATIONS WILL PUSH "SALEABLE"
COMPOSERS, USUALLY FOR MUSICALLY
IRRELEVANT REASONS SUCH AS ETHNICITY AND MARKET DEMOGRAHIC POTENTIAL,
AND ATTEMPT TO CREATE 'BRANDS', LIKE THE SONY CORPORATION AND TAN DUN.
AND THERE WILL BE TRIBES OF IMITATORS SUCKING UP AFTER SLOPPY SECONDS.
BUT THAT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH WHAT A HUGE NUMBER OF INDEPENDENTS ARE
DOING--IF A LISTENER WANTS IT IT WILL BE OUT THERE AND AVAILABLE. WHETHER
OR NOT THIS IS DESIREABLE IS A DIFFERENT QUESTION; WHAT IS THE MEANING
BEHIND THE 'TOWER OF BABEL' MYTH?
S21: This is a tough question, but what would
be your five Desert Island disks?
Felder: IT IS TOUGH...MOSTLY I DON'T LISTEN TO MUCH...IF
I WAS MAROONED (GILLIGAN, PARTY OF ONE, YOUR TABLE IS READY) I WOULD WANT
MUSIC TO HAVE A VERY SPECIAL SET OF PURPOSES FOR ME, NOT FOR CASUAL LISTENING.
SO IT WOULD PROBABLY INCLUDE GYOTO MONKS, NUSRAT KHAN, BRAHMS GERMAN REQUIEM,
MAHLER TWO, AND MAYBE THE TALLIS SCHOLARS WITH A BUNCH OF EARLY CHORAL
STUFF LIKE CHRISTMAS/EASTER MUSIC FROM DUFAY, OCKEGEHM,
PALESTRINA, ET AL. I WOULD HOPE THAT I HAD A COUPLE OF MY CASSETTES WITH
ME, TOO, LIKE FELDMAN VIOLIN AND ORCHESTRA, WUORINEN GENESIS, IVES THREE
PLACES, AND A FEW ZAPPA TUNES, TOO.
S21: What are you working on now? How is
it going?
Felder: JUST ABOUT TO RELEASE A NEW ORCHESTRAL
DISC ON MODE, AND JUST FINISHED A CHAMBER ORCHESTRA/PERCUSSION CONCERTO
THAT WE'LL DO IN JUNE. NEXT TUESDAY, WE PREMIERE A MAJOR REVISION OF MY
FUTE/ELECTRONICS/ CHAMBER ORCHESTRA WORK "INNER SKY" HERE IN
BUFFALO WITH PIERRE YVES ARTAUD, AND THE SLEE SINFONIETTA. THIS SUMMER
I START TO WORK ON A COMMISSION FROM FROMM FOR NEW YORK NEW MUSIC ENSEMBLE,
FOLLOWED BY A COMMISSIONED WORK FOR FLUTE ENSEMBLE, AND ANOTHER FROM THE
BELGIAN ENSEMBLE CHAMP D'ACTION. I'LL LET YOU KNOW HOW ITS GOING IF I
CAN COME UP FOR AIR AFTER JUNE.
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AN
INTERVIEW WITH KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN
DAVID FELDER
The following interview with Karlheinz Stockhausen occurred following the
world premiere of Sirius (July 15, 1976), which was written for the opening
of the Spacearium in the newly dedicated Smithsonian Air and Space Museum,
Washington, D.C., and “commissioned by the Govern-ment of the Federal
Republic of West Germany on the occasion of the American Bicentennial and
dedicated to the American pioneers on Earth and in Space.”
DF: In approaching the music of Stockhausen, one must be
cognizant of your concept of the passing of time with respect to form. Might
you elaborate upon this?
KS: Well, I have answered this area of questioning in great
detail in the interviews with Jonathan Cott in his book. The answer that
I can give concerns the expansion of duration in the micro-time, the in-dividual
duration within the rhythm, and the macro-time, the duration of sections
in a musical composition. As early as 1952—53 I realized that the
concept of the duration of a piece seemed to be generally fixed; a piece
had to last between ten and twenty minutes—Le Sacre du Printemps was
considered to be a long piece—look at all the works of the Viennese
school. Webern was considered to be an outsider be-cause he composed such
short works; they didn’t fit into this category of an average duration.
It seems that our tradition has created supra-personal standards for musical
time adapted to the performance con-ditions, rehearsal conditions [and]
to traditions of musical listening in concerts. You come, you go, and in
between, several pieces are presented; when you start from the origin of
music, which happens very rarely in history, then all of these conventions
become relative. We do not accept them so easily as many generations had
before. I found out in particular that in participating in musical events
which were rituals, as in Japan and India, that as soon as you step out
of the concert con-vention, the concept of duration becomes totally different.
In Bali I have assisted at rituals which include dance, orchestras playing,
and the like, which last much longer than ours. In Japan I assisted in a
ceremony which lasted three days and three nights—almost every ac-tion
of the priests produced sound in a conscious way, which means they made
music. Now these are the aspects of the macro-time, the duration of the
pieces. The micro-time is the same. You become aware that the slowness of
the production of sound, of the movement of the body, of the polyphony of
the different movements of parts of the body are conceptions completely
unusual to a European. And what is con-sidered to be good timing changes
from country to country. In par-ticular the media like radio and television
have sped up the timing to such an extent that a composer is most appreciated
if he can do some-thing within a very short time span. That’s why
the pop music, for example, is imprinting musical timing into the people
to a great extent by the short duration of the musical “numbers”,
or hits. Whenever a pop composer tries to expand these durations from the
customary two-to-three minutes, he is very unsuccessful, because he has
no experience whatsoever in building large art forms. They add sequences
of short events of different characteristics, and they cannot build a process
because that requires a totally different skill and point of departure.
In general it shows that history has, at different points in its course,
expanded the micro-time and the micro-rhythm. More and more in the history
of European music, we think of Wagner and Mahler—people thought [their
music] was even decadent because sometimes they needed a lot of time. Schoenberg
praised Webern to the heavens when he made these very short pieces, saying,
“He can express in a few lines what others must write in thick novels.”
And then also we have increased the density of events passing in the micro-time
via the Impressionists, who tried to catch as many small timbre changes
in a minimum of time [on] the pages, the pages [that] aggregated or ag-glomerated
thousands of tiny little spots of color in order to give the impression
of watching in nature, outside where the lights reflect from all the particles
of an object. And musicians tried to do the same—Ravel, Debussy, early
Webern, Schoenberg, even Bartók. Afterwards there was an even greater
change which has not yet been completely digested. Maybe I have been able
to contribute a lot to this movement, what I call statistical composition—to
transcend completely the tra-ditional notion that you have to compose detail
so clearly that you can hear everything. And I said in 1954 in a radio program
in which I analyzed the Jeux of Debussy from the perspective of statistical
composition, that if we voluntarily transcend this concept of hearing everything,
and we say we should not hear everything as particles in a context but create
a dense texture which sometimes has thousands of little sounds in an agglomeration
of sound, which appears then as a unified vibrating sound complex, then
we have reached a completely new concept of music, a sound which lasts a
half -an-hour, an hour, or whatever you want, if the inner life of the sound,
the inner changes of the sound are based on this micro-acoustical composition.
It had a lot to do naturally with the expansion of consciousness toward
atomic physics, nuclear physics and also the expansion of the consciousness
through the new astronomical discoveries. We become more fully aware of
aspects of the density of the universe; and it’s still only known
and felt by very few people that statistical composition has been one of
the most important expansions of musical composition during its whole course,
because it also has led us to the use of totally new means which allow us
the condensation of sound and the micro-structuring of sound, through electronic
means, because these surpass the physical means of the player and we can
reach speeds of production of sounds, a height to make vibrating complexes.
For instance, the composition you heard last night, Sirius, is based entirely
on a new concept of spatial movement. The sound moves so fast in rotations
and slopes and all sorts of spatial movements that it seems to stand still,
but it vibrates. It is [an] entirely different kind of sound experience,
because you are no longer aware of speakers, of sources of sound—the
sound is everywhere, it is within you. When you move your head even the
slightest bit, it changes color, because differ-ent distances occur between
the sound sources. So musical time is something completely different than
it was even thirty years ago. I am trying with every new work to expand
the limits of what is composed in micro-durations and in macro-durations.
DF: You’ve mentioned timbre and space as primary
compositional parameters. Boulez alludes to what he terms “musical
specialists”, those composers who concentrate on certain parameters:
and he states flatly that theirs is the wrong path. Do you consider yourself
a specialist composer?
KS: By no means! He’s quoting, actually, what I’ve
said a million times—I know what he means, that we now have in music
as many specialists as [we] do medical doctors specializing in one limb
of the body, because of this extremely necessary research in detail. And
in music we have the same.
It’s clear who are specialists—people who have chosen a very
small field of possibilities and who concentrate on that and repeat it over
and over again, like many painters. Many famous painters have painted time
and time again similar things, and in music we have those com-posers who
do that.
It is always the question: broad or deep? I think all these aspects should
be discussed without polemics. If someone tries to go very deep, and this
is all he wants to do and can see (people are very different in their universality,
not everybody is universally built), we need these people who concentrate
on one thing for a long time; otherwise we would never get very deep. They
contribute a great deal. However, it’s true that the greatest masters
in all fields, as rare as they are, have been universalists. They have seen
the entire world and have tried to pull it together. But most of the time,
these geniuses have only been possible after long developments where many
specialists have prepared their conclusions, their universalities. Goethe,
as a poet, was a universalist, but he has used a lot of details in technique
and content which were prepared by other poets who were specialists involved
in a more narrow or concentrated field, and Beethoven is the same. Even
Bach is the same. He could pull together styles, techniques, from Italian,
French, and German traditions and universalize them in a certain way. It
seems that my role is the role of a very universal composer, insofar as
I must have been—according to my own inner revelations—I must
have lived, in Japan and India, also in Egypt, before. And my formation
as a spirit has prepared me for a long time for synthesis; but synthesis
in a way in which differences are retained, and I mediate between them,
and not a synthesis which leads to a new style. I rather try to unify, harmonize
a lot of aspects of music.
What Boulez says is significant because what you attack is what is most
dangerous within yourself. His real danger, obviously, is to be a specialist,
so he must attack specialists—this is how we all function. Nevertheless
it is true, if he sees it in himself, he tries to overcome it; and he sees
that Xenakis and Ligeti have problems in overcoming it; the way they are
built as mind and spirits shows that they will have extreme difficulty in
changing their personal style, which in the case of Xenakis, for example,
is determined by his education. He’s a complete latecomer as a musician,
and in a true sense he is no musician at all—I really doubt what he
can hear, not only with the inner ear. Nevertheless, he is able to contribute
something we find in all the sciences and arts; by transposition from one
field to another, you transpose something from architecture to music, you
learn the respective parameters, the limits of the instruments, and translate
points on the paper to sound. Certainly something interesting comes out
of it. If the method is quite unusual in the field of music you can be sure
that something new, something that hasn’t been done the same way before,
will occur. The same is true when you use computers for combinatoric work;
you can produce, with the ma-chine, combinations that you have not used
before and you use them as the technique employed in environmental industry—to
produce new patterns which you can paste on the wall—and you have
a kind of new tapestry. We work with these chance operations employing ma-chines
in all fields to find new textures, new aspects of combinatoric work. But
it has nothing to do with the expansion of intuition. It is the production
of new interesting materials.
DF: You’ve mentioned the terms universality, expansion
of consciousness. Are you pursuing a contemporary Gesamtkunstwerk, a true
world-music?
KS: The Gesamtkunstwerk is a German term, obviously, associated
primarily with Wagner. It was the result of the splitting process in a very
short time of European development of music, ballet, and theater. I say
a very short time because still in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
the church plays, the Passions, originating from the churches in the courtyards,
or inside the church, did not have this splitting between theater, ballet,
and music. Even within the realm of oratorio, opera, and concert music the
specialization of the late Renaissance and the increasing of the splitting
of all the different aspects of music is a sign of atomization, actually,
which has affected all aspects of European culture, because it represents
the splitting of the human mind itself.
There is no longer a unified world. People don’t believe the same
things anymore, they are not unified through religion anymore; we have the
most extreme atheists and extreme theists living next to other, trying not
to kill each other and this is true for all other aspects. The arts reflect
this. So what Wagner was doing, and others, say, in the Bauhaus atmosphere,
was nothing but the revitalization of something that has remained unsplit
in the other important cultures, like the Japanese culture, Indian culture,
Indonesian culture—I mean, in particular, the Balinese theater—and
he did it by going back to the visits of the gods, or the period on this
planet when gods were living among us. It was a kind of deification of an
art work, the art ritual—which means the theme was lofty enough to
use dance, lighting, music, design, sculpture, painting, etc. for a unifying
cause which was metaphysical, which was transcendental. In that sense my
whole work is trying to very clearly aim at events in which the splitting
of the different aspects of the sensual perception, and also of the intellectual
perception, is overcome, and in which I will reach events which are totally
integrated and serve a cause to reveal and clarify man’s necessity
to make contact again with the center of the universe, with the divine cre-ator
and the many different hierarchical levels of spiritual life within the
universe. Music, as I see it, must constantly try in different ways to recreate,
to vitalize this contact, to make contact again through the sound and, through
the events occurring in producing the sound, make contact with the central
force in the universe.
DF: You have worked, of course, a great deal with electronic
music, attempting, it seems, to integrate musique concrète with electronically
generated sounds. Berio feels that those works in the electronic idiom which
make a connection, via natural sound sources with musical tradition are
those which are most successful. How would you respond to that premise?
KS: I respond to it by my works, such as Gesang der Jünglinge,
which is a composition with the voice of a human child singing with itself
in chorus, duos, trios, what have you; then in Kontakte, which is a purely
electronic work but which has three categories (metal, wooden, and skin-instrument
sounds) which refer to natural instruments, and each category further subdivided
into three subcategories of noise (like the consonants in language), noise-pitched
sounds (like the half-consonants), and pitch-determined sounds. This occurs
in all three categories in metal, wood, and skin including what I call the
purely consonantal sounds—s, f, p, t, g, k—in percussion instruments
which can produce these plosives and their continuous consonant sounds.
In the version with instruments I relate the “natural” sounds
of percussion and piano to the electronically-produced categories. The same
is true in Telemusik which includes, I think, about twenty-five more or
less short segments from different traditions of folklore music of this
planet, [which] tries to integrate them into a sound world where all the
stylistic aspects are mediated and intermodulated I found a new process
of intermodulation through certain technical means, so that the idea of
the collage, which was an early twentieth century concept, could be transcended.
They didn’t know how to mediate between things; they threw things
together trying to see what happened in a kind of melting pot. Now we can
go one step further and can make mutations, like the biologist, and transformations,
from one species into another.
Then Hymnen was all the anthems which were considered as being found-objects
of melody, which many people can hum. They can, therefore, realize what
is done with these melodies, [and their attention] more and more is [concentrated
on] the skill of composition and the resulting treatment of these melodies,
because people can acknowl-edge them. And then all the works since Mantra,
Inori in particular, where I have created my own found-objects This
has nothing to do with tradition anymore, and I find Berio’s remarks
rather limiting insofar as he thinks it’s a question of traditional
and modern. What it really is, as I have always said, is the question of
utilizing something that is known, that people are familiar with, and something
that is unknown, something new. Which means that if I could make within
a given composition a melody of such a sharpness of its contours, of such
clarity, and in a way also built of simplicity so that it can be whistled
after hearing it but a few times or almost memorized, then we have the same
phenomenon as if we would use a traditional thing like a percussion instrument,
which would be only the material aspect, or a tune for variations as all
the romantic and classical composers have tried—they employ variations
on a theme of somebody else, or a folk tune. As early as the medieval Gregorian
chant compositions, the tradition to use something you find that the people
know has always been appreciated by composers, because that allows them
to make variation forms. In order to transcend the variation forms, and
make mutations, one needs to go even one step further and to compose in
a given composition more than one formula, as I call it, the formula, a
musical object which is recognizable and can be precisely memorized. It
must be not too long, not too wide in intervals, not too complicated in
rhythm but it must not be too primitive, as practically all the popular
hits are because then they are emptied too easily and they are just clichés
of the triad-music which has been used so much that we cannot work with
it anymore. (That is a pity, because it would be wonderful if we could stand
now in a moment in history where the triad could be something interesting,
as Mozart made whole melodies with just two triads going up and down and
very simple rhythmic variations, two intermediary notes between the two
triads and that was the whole melody, the theme. And you could build a quarter
of an hour of music with it and everybody was happy and still most of the
people are.) So we are, unfortunately, not in a situation to start at such
a simple and early historical moment, but we have had all these styles.
It’s extremely challenging and interesting now to build melodies which
are not built on these simple relations of triads and are not built on simple
periodicity, repetition of the same durations, and yet are clear enough
and sharp enough and have such a strong self-identity that they can function
as found-objects which are treated in many different new ways of transmutation,
transformation, etc. So once you discuss all these things on a higher level,
rather than think it is the question of old music or new music instrumental
and electronic, or vocal and elec-tronic, that is only interesting for a
short while—for ten or fifteen years and then this problem is no longer
an essential problem.
What is essential is that now in the next step we build again. We must go
beyond even the Beethovenian formula of only two themes, where the second
theme was never really treated in the development form, but only the first
one—the second theme, serving as an intermediary calming down, was
a side theme. But what is really interesting [came] after the time of serial
composition which ended up with com-positions which were built entirely
on one series and still Schoenberg used these series as a theme in the traditional
sense. I tried to transform Schoenberg’s method into what I call structural
composition, where the intervals being used were constantly permutated in
a way in which you couldn’t recognize a “theme”, the series
as such, as a determined sequence. The next step was that I started to work
with formulas and built entire compositions on the perceivable transformations
of one formula into another, or the expansion or condensations of a formula,
as in Inori or Mantra and Trans for orchestra, and now in Sirius. This work
is built with four basic melodies, which are four melodies of The Zodiac,
which is a cycle of twelve melodies, each melody with its own central sound,
its own ambitus, order of intervals, its own duration, its own tempo, etc.
. . The four main melodies of Sirius are Aries, spring; Cancer, summer;
Libra, autumn; Capricorn, winter. Everything is built from these four melodies,
which are, in transitions, transformed one into another, or one appearing
at certain moments with the rhythm of another and vice versa, one melody
triggering the timbre of formants of another, etc.—all the very subtle
interrelation ships among four melodic lines are used in a way that is completely
new to me.
DF: So, then, these permutations of a melodic formula are
to be perceptible on a conscious level?
KS: Oh yes! Much easier than before. You see, now we work
with energies: more or less energy at a given time, energy in registers,
energy in certain degrees of brilliance and darkness, a coming or going
energy, or having a certain curve of energetic presentation and withdrawal.
Now we come again to figures. It is as if we had gone, compared to the evolution
of life, again in a very short time, historically speaking, through the
entire process of building form from the one-cellular beings, from the chemical
substance where the pure chemicals are working, bouncing against each other,
and one by one building life in little formulas until developed forms come
out of the process—this is happening now and increasingly in my work.
Much later on, this will be recognized as the greatest change in twentieth
century music history, I think. There is a new kind of formula composition
which is built on several formulas which the composer has built for a given
composition, so that these are his concrete objects, so to speak. Then we
compose literally whole processes of evolution of forms from sheer mat-ter
(which is vibrating masses of vibrations) through processes from simple
figures to the most complex, most developed, most personal musical Gestalten,
which then meet each other, and we have a new counterpoint in a new way.
DF: Webern believed that eventually the seeming differences
between the arts (music) and science would eventually be swept away by evolution
of thought processes. Do you agree with his conception?
KS: My whole process of self-education is proving this.
I have studied from my beginning as a musician, acoustics, and [have always
tried] to draw a lot of musical consequences from the knowledge of the nature
of sound. I have studied phonetics, where I probably learned most about
the statistical microtonal nature of sound, and transposed this knowledge
into the macrotonal composition; also phonology, the study of the systems
of language. This was a very important time in my life. Constantly, I have
learned from technology, from science, by my work in the electronic music
studio, designing circuits myself for equipment and working with scientists
and technicians in the field of acoustics and electronics. Yes, we are fortunately
beginning, in an early stage of de-velopment (as in early medieval times),
where the musician is study-ing his material constantly and learning from
the inherent laws in the nature of material, and where he is abstractly
developing new concepts of musical formation and trying to produce new material
which fits these concepts. Yes, the medieval synthesis of the highest sciences—of
music, astronomy, mathematics—is again in sight.
DF: Your compositional style has undergone considerable
change, almost circular, in that you began writing completely deterministic
music, then gradually transformed this into virtually indeterminate music.
Now with works such as Mantra you seem to be swinging back toward increasingly
determinate music. Is this circular sequence of events a general life-concept
concerning a composer’s life?
KS: It’s a spiral, I think, which means [that] even
if Mantra seems to be written down to the smallest detail, it represents
a result, in its organic forming, of all the experiences I have had in performing,
with a group, what I call the intuitive music. I could have never built
Mantra and the other later works without these experiences; every now and
then I performed intuitive music with my group while com-posing Mantra and
in the same two months wrote a series of seventeen compositions called For
Times to Come, which have similar qualities, but developed further, as the
text compositions Aus den sieben Tagen. If you know the work Inori, you
could see that now I am begin-ning to combine the two aspects more and more,
to create inter-references between the two concepts. In Inori, for example,
there are passages in which the musicians float in areas of sounds with
much larger limits than in the deterministic structures, where certain formulas
can be treated individually by each member of the orchestral group as concerns
timing and fractioning of elements. Even in the piece of last night (Sirius),
there are several sections where the musi-cians get little fragments, and
the timing and the subdivision of these fragments is left to the discretion
of the moment. So I think words like deterministic and indeterministic become
just what they are. They become very narrow points of view of a complete
continuity. I have always said that these are an aid for discussion, but
this means not that these are two opposed extremes, but that a deterministic
element can be, as it is in a given composition, seen as an indeterminate
element, if you look at it from a larger perspective, let’s say, in
the macro-form. The completely determinate element that is written down
and played exactly as is prescribed can function as an extremely indeterminate
element and vice versa. We have produced [forms] in intuitive play-ing.
If you listen to the recordings of Aus den sieben Tagen, you can hear clear
forms—for example if you listen to It or Upwards, you can hear a musical
form of thirty-forty minutes [in] length, which gives the impression of
an incredibly severe deterministic structuring, because the musicians went
through the experience of deterministic music as well as indeterministic,
like Kontarsky and Bojé; Kontarsky’s inclination is toward
the deterministic. They brought this experience into the intuitive playing,
and therefore the strong structuring of form is also functioning, then,
in the intuitive music. And vice versa.
Now when pieces are played which seem to be completely deter-minate in their
notations and also their way of rationalizing their tim-ing and spacing
of sounds, nevertheless, they have this fabulous flow of organic movement
and, well, of open form, of open forming. So these words are useful only
in a discussion to clarify certain elements of notation, interpretation,
of working in a studio, where different pro-cesses have different methods
to determine how to express something you want in numbers or measures. Or,
on the other hand, texts like Aus den sieben Tagen, which are formulated
with general indications, give a direction but do not specify too much,
which frees a musician to listen more rather than read. There are many methods,
and I think that I will be able, during my lifetime, to compose a few examples
of a perfect synthesis of the two aspects, where strata in a given composition
are left completely open for the intuition of several musicians, and the
other musicians react to them—like transformers and modulators in
a studio do—to the material that’s brought them, and swallowing
it, so to speak, transform it into a process. Or vice versa: then the intuitive
players take something out of this transformed material again, as speci-fied
material, and through repetition and clarification build new formulas during
that particular piece, which are then fed back into the ensem-ble as material
to transform. This happened already in the orchestral version of Hymnen,
where the tape is constantly feeding precise material into the orchestra
and the musicians are given symbols which indicate degrees and directions
of transformations; they have to pick out certain tones or intervals, transpose
them upwards or downwards with increasing or decreasing speed, etc. So I
think the time is almost right in which these aspects become unified, like
in the universe, actually. I have always said if you look very closely at
an atom, there seems to be a lot of random activity going on; but again,
if you look at one of the smaller planets very precisely, then you see that
it moves itself in a very regular way. The universe is, in all its macro-
and micro-aspects, determinate and indeterminate. In general, it seems that
the macromovements are more determinate—give our human minds the impression
that they are more determinate—the sun goes up every morning, the
whole clock of the universe seems to be very precise—whereas the individual
life of human beings, the cells in the body, seem to have more space of
randomness, more possibility of change from day to day, from moment to moment.
It’s only a question of perspective, how close up you go to view.
If you go too close it becomes random, indeterminate; at a certain distance
it becomes very precisely determinate, and if you go too far away it becomes
random again.
DF: In several of your works, notably Hymnen which you
call a music for the post-apocalypse, and Sirius, you have written a music
for the future, not just music that is simply forward-looking. How is it
possible for a composer living in one time to write for another time?
KS: Well, I think you must try to reveal within you the
eternal nucleus of the person. People can on the surface live like pigs
and still be angels; they’re spiritual. Let’s say this, I don’t
mean on a moral level at all; but I mean on the physical level, they can
be incredible transmitters or receivers, certain people have that gift.
I know a clairvoyant who is certainly not a good example of humanitarian
quality, or physical quality, but he has that gift. This is also said about
Edgar Casey, the great American medium; smoking all the time, he really
mined his body, terribly nervous, etc., but when he was in the state of
deep meditation, of deep trance, then he was the most incredible source
of knowledge about the future and the past, and he was able to say the most
extraordinary things that have been proved countless times, about people’s
past lives, future lives, events that would occur, he predicted all sorts
of things. So if you want to transcend the general level of entertain-ment
in this planet (which is very legitimate, because most people need entertainment
of all sorts from the simple to the most refined, from the most tasteful
to the most aesthetically developed, it is a kind of tessitura of fashion),
if you want to transcend all this, then you have to discover within you
a particular quality of clairvoyance, a quality of the artist, an ability
to receive something that is relevant a hundred years later or that was
so fabulously rich in its content and so mysterious for the majority that
people were nurturing themselves for a long time afterwards on this music
or poetry. I don’t say that you either have it or you don’t.
You can try until the end of your life to try to discover this eternal quality
within yourself; and it’s within all of us, in particular those artists
who already are willing to sacrifice their personal lives to this hard work,
which is incredibly hard work, to have practically no personal entertainment
and to give yourself away every day and every hour and every minute only
for this cause—to be used by humanity as a transistor, a radio, if
you like. Others have compared it to an early warning system, but I would
like to go beyond this, as also an announcement system, sometimes serious,
sometimes joyous.
Then the artist can add more and more to the quality of what he’s
doing, as well as the clarity and universality, by concentrating on that
inner center of his person which is often secretly in contact with the center
of the universe. The artist becomes aware, himself (very often it is called
madness), of that critical moment when he has contact with this other world,
because then he feels completely lost and he doesn’t know why he’s
doing what he’s doing. All he is trying is to be as precise as possible
in order to realize what’s coming into him, as in daydreams or night.
So insofar [as] you can be conscious of it without becoming pompous or arrogant,
you can be conscious of this specific quality basically through the state
of emotion you go through yourself when you hear for the first time, at
a certain distance, your own work, or when you see in people that you admire,
when you feel in people that you admire, this particular reaction where
they are elevated or transfixed. This sometimes happens at the moment of
reception when you have the very first moment of intuitive insight, you
hear the musical composition—usually it happens unexpectedly during
the hard work of a musical composition, this moment of reception, much too
early, and you have no time to realize it; but when it happens you feel
by the degree of internal agitation almost a high degree of danger. Then
you can trust that it’s something important, and that it’s coming
into you. Then you have to stick to it and think about it, to make it become
clear. You have to think about it no matter where you are and all the time
no matter if you’re on a bus or. . . you must always be close to it.
Then it clarifies itself more and more and more, and when you start physically
working it out, then it is almost already right, and all the work you can
do is to adapt it to the means of this planet—to the orchestras, to
instruments, to rehearsal conditions, and this and that. But you must keep
close to what you have felt as a totally unified entity and realize it as
precisely as possible, taking care not to listen to others’ reactions
because they disturb it. Everybody wants to suggest something—you
should change this or that—and then you are pulled away from it. So
the only one who can know what is to be, is yourself. So the best thing
to do is shut yourself off from reactions and from people who cannot listen
and constantly know better than the artist. Even other friends who are artists
shouldn’t be involved, because everybody has a different kind of thinking
and if you are abstractly thinking about a composition, you may make the
most stupid kind of suggestions, which are either dictated by tradition
or convention, or by commercialistic aspects, or by intellectual processes—nothing
of this should happen. The best is to simply stick to that original sound
vision that you have had, and realize it. So, the more you have experienced
moments of this incredible elevation of yourself and the people you admire
(you can be fortunate if there are one or two, who are even able to express
it, after having heard something), then you reach that point which makes
contact between a particular moment of this life on this planet and the
most important spiritual vibrations of the center of the universe, which
is the future and past and everything at once. It’s no longer even
the future, it’s “It”, beyond time. It’s very interesting
where this spiral ends. I think it’s connected to its beginning, like
the wire in an electric bulb.
DF: Might you discuss some of the circumstances responsible
for the creation of your latest work, Sirius?
KS: Well, Sirius is now, [after] about two years, a concrete
concept of a composition in my own mind. It’s built on the twelve
melodies of the zodiac which I composed about two years ago, and its center
is called “The Wheel”. It has four seasons; Sirius always begins
with the season corresponding to that particular time of the year. The first
part is “The Presentation”; the last part is “The Annunciation”.
If you read the text, which I have written myself, of the twelve melodies
of the zodiac, you would discover that I have tried to crystallize as sharply
as possible the characteristics of the twelve particular types of man, from
the respective astrological signs of the human characters of the zodiac.
It says in the additional text, which is spoken and sung by the soprano
and bass, what each of the four soloists represents: the four elements,
the four seasons, the four sexes, the four stages of development of any
kind of life.
The spirit of it is that it is music from Sirius, which is transposed on
this planet and [reveals] the possibilities of this planet, because I think
that the culture of this planet has been mainly formed by visitors from
Sirius, especially in the time between 9000 and 6000 B.C., [as have] most
of our modern concepts of cultural achievements, as far as these are still
available, because, as you know, an enormous amount has been burned in the
library of Alexandria, where all the secret knowledge of architecture, of
mathematics, of astronomy and of the arts, and of the magnetism of the earth,
of ecology, etc., has been destroyed voluntarily by the Christian orthodox
administration. But I think that our main sources of present-day culture,
as decadent as it may be in most parts of the planet, stem from visitors
from Sirius whose main representatives (leaders) were Isis and Osiris. Through
a series of revelations which were at first quite nebulous, but have become
more clear during the past few years, I know (as little as I know about
details) that I have come from Sirius, myself. And I know that the highest
kind of language that can exist for this highly developed culture is music.
As long as we’re inclinated toward the bodies and possibilities of
the body of this planet Earth, then everything from Sirius appears as music.
It is structured in a direct harmony with the forming principles of the
universe, of the rotations, of the seasons, of different aspects of youth,
man, woman, the friend, of the elements earth, fire, water, air, of states
of growth, etc. All of these characteristics stem basically, and have been
made conscious, from this culture, and there are many other planets which
have been influenced by these universal principles, which are communicated
best through sound in music that is the best and most universal way.
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